With minor additions of content, the evolutionary discussion in such courses could move beyond population-level mechanisms to introduce students to the idea of evolution by changes in regulation, using a relatively straightforward example, such as the roles of the genes Ultrabithorax and Distalless in the evolutionary loss of abdominal appendages in insects (Ronshaugen et al., 2002).
Perhaps the most fundamental issue involving public goods in economics is the possibility of free riders to which it gives rise; and of course the possibility of free riding has figured in many evolutionary discussions.
DP participated in the design of the study and contributed to the evolutionary discussions.
In fact, no evolutionary discussion of metabolism would be complete without a visit back to the hydrothermal vents to explore perhaps the earliest redox reactions and the later metabolic diversification of life.
Therefore, these approaches can provide a valuable alternative for (or can be complementary to) the 'non-GMO' strain improvement approaches, such as mutagenesis, hybridization, or evolutionary engineering, discussed in 'Discussion – pros and cons of exploiting natural and artificial diversity'.
Discussions in Warsaw darkened.
This task is not straightforward and continues to be an area for discussion in evolutionary biology (e.g., Ref. 19).
While quite some discussion in evolutionary biology has focused on the origin of genetically distinct populations in sympatry (albeit rarely so in riverine fish), very little focus has been devoted in applied circles to how such sympatric forms can be recognized and how they should be managed.
Thus, the prevailing question requiring further deliberation is whether the two studied populations represent distinct species or reflect adaptive variation within the same species and hence separate units under the adaptive evolutionary concept (ACE, [24]; see discussion in [25] for a background on evolutionary units and species concepts).
In the following section I take up discussions about evolutionary psychology in the philosophy of mind, specifically focusing on the debate about the massive modularity thesis.
