We first use multivariate evolutionary contrasts [7] to test whether the unique cranial morphology of the polar bear resulted from increased rates of cranial shape evolution in the polar bear lineage, relative to other branches of ursid phylogeny.
Molecular evolutionary contrasts between genes in different phenotypic categories, including selection parameter estimates from resequencing data (using approaches described by Keightley and Eyre-Walker 2010), may shed additional light on the population genetic consequences of sex-specific selection.
Taking Brazil as a model system, we conducted a systematic survey on biology students' evolutionary opinions, contrasting creationism, divinely guided evolution and naturalist evolution (without divine intervention).
This evolutionary analysis contrasts with the increasing representation of knowledge growth as networks e.g., [1], [4], [26], with the individuals (e.g. authors) as 'nodes', and their interactions (e.g. cited references) as 'links'links
This evolutionary hypothesis contrasts with the current knowledge of terrestrial invasion in two points.
In contrast, evolutionary psychology argues that the mind consists of a number of functionally specialized modules.
In contrast, evolutionary approaches guided by the "survival of the fittest" paradigm often ignore such solutions.
The same is true for the work of Stephen Jay Gould, another highly successful popularizer of evolutionary ideas that contrast with Wilson's.
By contrast, evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) has concentrated primarily on structural factors such as the ways in which body parts can be built.
In contrast, evolutionary thinking favors hypothesizing multiple functions designed to strategically manage specific threats (e.g., pathogen threats should motivate responses targeted to deter contagion), and views anxiety as a proximate tool rather than an ultimate problem.
