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Sitting in a circle on folding chairs, in the middle of a black-box theatre, they discussed the show's evolution, which occurred under the guidance of David Feiner, the founder of Albany Park Theatre Project, and Jennine Willett, the co-founder of Third Rail.
Based on the vital role of segmental duplications in the family evolution, which occurred frequently in slowly evolving gene families [ 53], we proposed that the pepper Hsf gene family might have a slow evolutionary rate, as in maize [ 8].
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Rapid evolution may be due to adaptive evolution, which occurs when natural selection promotes amino-acid divergence.
The bulk of the conserved sequences that we identified are specific to Hymenoptera, but nevertheless have been conserved in place for at least 180 million years of insect evolution (which occurs at a faster pace than vertebrate evolution [ 14]).
We also provide the first clear demonstration of the contribution of gene loss in the C2H2-ZNF family during evolution, which occurs at the level of clusters, genes and their functional domains.
These tests are used to identify adaptive molecular evolution which occurs when the nonsynonymous substitution rate (dN) is higher than the synonymous rate (dS), with the ratio ω (dN/dS) being higher than 1 [ 20].
Parallel-evolution experiments can be performed under identical conditions, and they enable us to distinguish which phenotypic and genotypic changes are inevitable for adaptive evolution and which occurred by mere chance.
That spate of evolution among angiosperms, which occurred millions of years before the mass extinction that claimed the dinosaurs, opened new ecological opportunities that multituberculates then diversified to exploit, the researchers suggest.
Our study sheds important light on the regulatory and metabolic changes that accompanied the evolution of respiro-fermentation, which occurred twice independently in this phylogeny.
A critical issue is represented by the parallel hydrogen evolution process, which occurs at significant rates in the overall range of potentials reducing the current efficiency for CO2 conversion.
The most striking deviation from the typical Iguanian consumptive pattern is the evolution of herbivory in lizards, which occurred independently in several lineages.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com