Prior to evolution instruction, we measured students' initial knowledge and understanding of the five key principles of evolution by natural selection, using both the CINS and the Dino Problem.
To determine fitness changes during experimental evolution, we contemporaneously measured the competitive performance of the six replicate populations against a tester (non-evolved) population at generation 0 (G30, G60, G100 G100 (see Methods).
Finally, to assess mechanisms for any observed fitness differences and evaluate the capacity for adaptive evolution during reintroduction, we measured selection on body size and date of arrival to the spawning grounds.
In order to study the evolution of coiled-coils, we measured the amino acid frequencies and substitution rates in coiled-coil domains from a collection of over 2,000 orthologous groups of metazoan proteins (see above).
In order to determine how genotype-by-diet interactions and evolutionary costs of each strategy may constrain the evolution of host defense, we measured survival, fecundity, and pathogen burden over five days in ten genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster reared on two diets and infected with the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Providencia rettgeri.
In order to compare global rates of evolution between these genes, we measured the total lengths of gene trees [ 55], for a common sub set of eight taxa (P. falciparum, P. reichenowi, P. vivax, P. knowlesi, P. berghei, P. chabaudi, P yoelii and P. gallinaceum).
In order to describe the developmental evolution of AP shape, we measured six properties defining the different phases of the AP recorded during spontaneous activity: AP threshold, AP rise slope, AP decay slope, AP half-width, AP amplitude, and AHP amplitude.
Given the absence of genetic analyses, it is impossible for us to attribute the morphological changes we measured to evolution.
In order to assess a general impact of recombination on the evolution of escape in HIV, we measured the mean time of appearance of escape mutations during infection.
