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By considering geography as a state within H5N1 evolution, we identified locations that are impacted by certain clades; in this case the variant 2.2.1.1.
However, despite this apparent random evolution, we identified several cooccurring mutations (Circos plots in Figure 5) that showed highly connected mutation patterns between these three viral populations.
Thus, to expand our understanding of lineage-specific evolution, we identified HCNSs that were conserved in a particular lineage (either in primates or in rodents) and compared characteristics of the lineage-specific HCNSs with those conserved among mammals and vertebrates.
Among the 83 non-synonymous mutations that occurred throughout tumor evolution, we identified nine early non-synonymous point mutations that occurred in cancer genes (Additional file 2: Table S1).
To test for such asymmetric evolution, we identified amino acid positions in each LLT triplet that were identical between the X. tropicalis peptide and one of its X. laevis co-orthologs (and therefore parsimoniously presumed ancestral), but changed in the other X. laevis sequence.
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Assessing the projects' timing evolution we identify that the focus on sharing, dissemination, and patient control is of growing relevance in the field.
The association of GH18 proteins with phagocytosis is evident early in animal evolution, as we identified five homologs of the human lysosomal chitobiase in the D. discoideum genome.
Go concluded that the chicken lost T2R genes during evolution, whereas we identified no marked changes in the lineage leading to the chicken.
To ensure the robustness of our inferences of accelerated gene family evolution, we again identified families with P<0.0001 in Ensembl v39 and v32.
While the majority of protein domain architectures appear to have expanded during plant evolution, we also identified 909 universal architectures whose genome content remained roughly unchanged throughout plant evolution at the significance level of 1% (Additional file 8, Table S7).
To gain insights into the impact of recently emerged domains in protein evolution we have identified all human young protein domains that have emerged in approximately the past 550 million years.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com