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Conceptually, the genes responsible for cell death can be grouped into two main categories, those selected during evolution to cause cell suicide and those that did not evolve for this purpose (accidental cell death).
Additionally, they are genetically and phenotypically distinct, having gone through a lengthy process of convergent evolution to cause an identical disease (Didelot et al., 2007; Holt et al., 2009).
The model has previously been used to investigate the potential for fishing-induced evolution to cause changes in life history traits and skipped spawning (Jørgensen et al. 2006) and in migration distance and large-scale geographical distribution (Jørgensen et al. 2008).
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Mutations in DNA have far ranging consequences, from driving evolution to causing disease.
He summarized an article of his in a recent issue of Nature, the result of twenty years spent scrutinizing the cellular structures of platelets, as "arguing that strong archaic forces in evolution come into play to cause a heart attack".
A combined experimental computational approach to study the evolution of microscopic damage to cause failure in commercial SiC particle reinforced DRAs is dealt with.
First, fishing is predicted to cause evolution of either faster or slower growth depending on a variety of factors including size-selectivity of the fishery.
Fishing in the feeding grounds can be expected to cause evolution of earlier maturation, if both juveniles and adults are captured (Law and Grey 1989; Heino and Godø 2002; Heino et al. 2002b).
In addition, the direct manipulation of sperm competition intensity under experimental evolution has been shown to cause correlated changes in testes size in two species of Diptera [ 6, 7].
While some studies [ 24, 28] have shown evolution in males' ability to cause mortality in their mates without affecting their fecundity, others have not seen any measurable change in mate harming ability of males [ 31].
Environmental perturbations such as toxicant exposure may lead to particularly strong novel selection pressures, which have the potential to cause the evolution of heritable traits over relatively few generations (contemporary evolution) (Stockwell et al. 2003).
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