First, experimental evolution requires substantial investments in both time (2 weeks of daily transfers) and resources (hundreds of tubes of sterile media), and few classes can work it into their schedules.
These data are consistent with the evolution of substantial volume decreases identified by manual segmentation and DBM in the thalamus and ventral midbrain.
FISH is the only currently available reliable technique that allows measurements on enough individual cells to model the evolution of substantial intratumor heterogeneity.
Nevertheless, the needs and opportunities in LMICs, and in Africa in particular because of its unique position in human evolution, are substantial.
Transposable elements play an important role for genome organization and evolution as substantial providers of large scale mutation events, creating genetic variability that natural selection can act upon [ 1].
Most annual epidemics consist of these subtype mutants, and subtype evolution is substantial enough to largely overcome immunity to the same ancestral type from several years in the past (Ferguson et al. 2003).
If it turns out that "moral signals" evolve only very rarely or that their evolution requires substantial pressure from outside the domain of indirect reciprocity, then this may (in the absence of further modeling) give us a reason to doubt the importance of indirect reciprocity in the evolution of primitive moral language.
This objection goes further than the less substantial "evolution isn't proven" arguments, claiming that evolution isn't even well-evidenced.
Unusual deposits, mapped and logged in detail, around the summit area of Tongariro volcano, Tongariro Volcanic Centre, New Zealand indicate that the construction and evolution of a substantial portion of this andesitic stratovolcano was beneath a significant ice cap or summit glacier.
With the development of novel assay technologies, biomedical experiments and analyses have gone through substantial evolution.
