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These suggest lineage-specific isochore evolution or multiple emergence of isochore (black ellipses in fig. 1), both of which are hard to be explained by the existing theories.
As such, if NST is determined to be present in the fat-tailed dunnart, it would most likely be a case of parallel evolution or multiple lineage loss of NST, as deduced from phylogenetic inference and given that these findings are restricted to a single non-Eutherian species.
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Did the diversity of lens-containing eyes evolve from one ancestral eye (monophyletic evolution) or from multiple, independently derived eyes (polyphyletic evolution)?
Furthermore, Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) models can be used to describe bounded phenotypic evolution, where single or multiple selective regimes pull phenotypes towards optimum values [ 11].
Whether the evolution of tCWCH2 occurred once or multiple times during Opisthokonta/Amoebozoa evolution remains unclear.
Comparative alignment of the coding regions of the OsDR10 gene and its homologs showed that all the deletions and insertions of the genes during evolution occurred in triplet or multiple triplets in one site, which did not shift the original reading frames (Figure S5).
The basic idea behind the concept of a softwired network is that it describes the evolution of multiple genes or loci: the evolutionary history of any given gene or locus is described by a tree, embedded in the network and containing exactly one of the ingoing edges for each reticulate node of the network.
Because short coding sequences of 3FTxs have high variation (fast adaptive evolution) with multiple indels or even frameshifts between different 3FTx toxin groups, this maybe led to inaccurate multiple alignments and ambiguous phylogenetic relationships.
The question as to whether the eye evolved once very early in the history of animals and diversified thereafter (monophyletic evolution) or whether an eye evolved multiple times independently in various forms as evolution progressed (polyphyletic evolution) has led to much discussion.
In general, these results are consistent with other models, where costs associated with mate choice have been shown to prevent or restrict the evolution of multiple female preferences (Kirkpatrick, 1985); [ 24, 25].
The close linkage of these genes may be due to the recent evolution of multiple RD genes in Drosophila or alternatively may indicate the presence of functional constraints that retain these genes in close proximity.
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