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The pre-existing bias hypothesis [ 18, 19] was proposed to explain best the evolution of the sword [ 7, 8].
Our analyses further suggest that the evolution of the sword is tending towards a reduction in length or even complete loss of the trait rather than secondary gains.
This tree topology called the applicability of the pre-existing bias hypothesis for the evolution of the sword into question since the reconstruction of the evolution of the sword based on the molecular phylogeny suggested that the sword originated in the ancestor of this genus and was lost repeatedly and independently during the evolutionary history of this genus [ 11, 22].
Although the origin and evolution of the sword [ 7, 20, 26, 53- 56] and the role of hybridization in the genus Xiphophorus[ 2] have been addressed before, some of the phylogenetic relationships in this genus still remained uncertain.
Based on the phylogeny, the evolutionary history and character state evolution of the sword was reconstructed and found to have originated in the common ancestral lineage of the genus Xiphophorus and that it was lost again secondarily.
The evolution of the sword clearly shows periods of reversals where a conspicuous long sword secondarily became less conspicuous and or shorter or was lost completely as at the origin of the platyfish.
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Further studies on ecological and behavioral features affecting the evolution of particular sword traits and the genetic compositions of hybrid species will help to unravel the origin of the repeated ancient hybridization events in the genus Xiphophorus.
Obviously, the correct phylogeny for the genus is important for the inferred history of the sword.
The sword appears to have "shortened" four times from a sword to short protrusion (or intermediate) during the evolution of this genus and it was inferred to have been lost completely once in the platy lineage under the definition of the sword as a three-state character of sword extension (no sword, protrusion or intermediate, and sword: characters 2, 3, 5, see Figures 4b, c).
Did you know they have entire books about the evolution of weapons like swords?
Japanese kenjutsu ("techniques of the sword") became kendō ("the way of the sword").
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