The area of coronal holes, located at solar latitudes of more than 60°, is compared with the evolution of the large-scale magnetic fields on the Sun's surface.
Because looking far out into space also means looking far back in time, the map also provides information on the evolution of the large-scale structure of the universe, revealing that dark matter has become clumpier over time.
In this study, four simulations were performed with initial data interpolated from the 0.5° gridded ECMWF YOTC, with varying cloud microphysical settings (Table 1) to determine their impacts on the evolution of the large-scale variability and the initial disturbance.
The intensity of the vortex was found to reveal a roughly 60-year periodicity affecting the evolution of the large-scale atmospheric circulation and the character of SA/GCR effects.
N-body codes for performing simulations of the origin and evolution of the large-scale structure of the universe have improved significantly over the past decade in terms of both the resolution achieved and the reduction of the CPU time.
The technique and its variations are introduced in the context of the magnetohydrodynamical dynamo equations describing the evolution of the large-scale magnetic field of the sun and stars, but they are of more general applicability.
We conclude that the Pi1-2 wares are linked to the formation and evolution of auroral beads and are therefore onset driven (e.g. Rae et al. 2009a, b), whereas the longer period Pi2 waves may be related to the evolution of the large-scale current system that develops following onset, most likely the substorm current wedge (e.g. McPherron et al. 1973; Rae et al. 2007; Murphy et al. 2013).
There were earlier hints, from theories of cosmic evolution and observations of the large-scale structure of the universe, that the cosmos holds little mass and that there might be a lambda, but the idea was generally considered outlandish.
The strong positive correlation between genome size and gene number in moderately sized (<80 Mb) genomes and the absence of this trend in larger (>100 Mb) ones suggest that increases in gene numbers within the set of moderately sized genomes are a function of adaptive evolution, whereas the large-scale genome expansions (leading to genomes >100 Mb) are driven by drift.
