Sentence examples for evolution of pathogens and from inspiring English sources

Using genetic and molecular comparisons, researchers are able to trace the evolution of pathogens and parasites.

It was postulated that partial resistance would retard the evolution of pathogens and thus increase the durability of resistance [ 24, 61].

If phage and virus populations are indeed exclusive to their respective host Domains, this has important implications for both the evolution of pathogens and approaches to infectious disease control.

Those addressed here include the evolution of pathogens and infectious diseases, the evolution and spread of drug resistance in pathogen populations, the evolutionary biology of cancer, human genetics and evolution, and the evolutionary biology of immune responses.

Adopting a quantitative framework, such as adaptive dynamics [ 5], widely applied to understanding the evolution of pathogens and life-history traits, can help understand how different biotic and a biotic selective pressures affect trait evolution and especially those involved in cancer protection.

On the other hand, host shifts could also drive evolution of pathogen and lead to ecological speciation (Giraud et al. 2010; Raffaele et al. 2010; Silva et al. 2012).

Co-evolution with pathogens: Pathogens evolve much faster than larger organisms can, and co-evolution of pathogens and their hosts shapes extremely expensive and dangerous defenses.

This may be due to the generation of robust inflammatory stimuli that can overcome or bypass the requirement of signalling processes induced by leucocyte adhesion receptors or activation of redundant intracellular signalling pathways, for example driven by the co-evolution of pathogens and the mammalian immune system.

This suggests that interspecies competition between host and pathogen is likely to be driving the co-evolution of pathogen and host.

Consequently, the North is a vital frontier for the exploration of biotic, abiotic, and historical determinants that influence the distribution, host associations, and evolution of pathogens in wildlife and human populations (4, 6, 9, 10 ).

Mutational hotspotting at DSBs could contribute to the rapid evolution of pathogens with hosts, and to cancer development, potentially by targeting specific genomic regions and, we hypothesize, by promoting mutation clusters that facilitate concerted evolution.