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It is thought that during evolution of molluscs leading to the bivalves, a single dorsal shell in the ancestor was doubled.
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Qualitative and quantitative changes in these molecules have been discussed in the context of the evolution of mollusc body plans.
At the same time, the phylogeny of molluscs is poorly studied.
This is consistent with either the last common ancestor to extant bilaterians having an α-subclass hemocyanin, which has been lost subsequently in most phyla, or the convergent evolution of this gene in molluscs and urochordates.
Evolutionary rates calculated in the present study also fell within the range for published studies of contemporary evolution in molluscs, fish and reptiles (reviewed by Hendry and Kinnison 1999).
The phylogeny (evolutionary "family tree") of molluscs is a controversial subject.
Additional complete mt genomes, from mytilid and non-mytilid bivalves, are needed to elucidate the number, taxonomic distribution, and evolution of uncharacterized ORFs in this group of molluscs.
This should serve as the basis for future discussions on the evolution of this successful group of gastropod molluscs.
The complex suite of characters that describe the many varied sense organs in the mantle cavities of molluscs, may yet provide a foundation for neurophylogenetic insights to molluscan evolution.
Their role in sex determination may be deeply rooted in evolution and at minimum conserved in a mollusc, despite rapid evolution of the regulatory pathways that in C. gigas may involve both genetic and environmental factors.
Figure 2 Radiocarbon ages of molluscs and terrestrial samples.
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