Nutrition interventions tend to be excluded from these processes, although healthcare decision-makers have begun to realise that food plays an important role, not only in those already with disease, but also in the onset and evolution of lifestyle-related disorders.
The aftermath of whole genome sequencing has revealed new insights into evolution of bacterial lifestyles including strategies for adaptation to new niches and overcoming competitors.
Comparative genomics, based on an ever-increasing number of complete genome sequences, can be used to reveal numerous insights into host-pathogen interactions, the evolution of pathogenic lifestyles and adaptation to new niches [3].
Additionally, the PVC group provides an opportunity to study the evolution of bacterial lifestyles.
To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies that explicitly address these findings in terms of parallel evolution of different lifestyles in the fungal and oomycete plant and animal pathogens.
Our results highlight the evolutionary diversity in microRNA repertoire between free-living and pathogenic species, and may provide clues to the evolution of parasitic lifestyles and adaptation to different environments.
The evolution of pathogenic lifestyles, therefore, may have been in response to certain environmental changes, or may have been facilitated by the horizontal transfer of pathogenicity-related genes from true Fungi [ 53- 55] or from bacteria [ 45, 56], as has been suggested previously.
By employing a participatory backcasting approach, the present research challenges this perception and aims to demonstrate the importance of social innovation processes and stakeholder engagement in envisioning the evolution of mainstream sustainable lifestyles from existing and emerging sustainable practices.
A combination of both bioinformatic and experimental studies are needed to determine the relative importance of these two processes in the evolution of plant-associated lifestyles in bacteria.
