This development may have led to the evolution of a more robust ribcage, a key evolutionary trait of land living creatures.
Addressing these challenges will involve development of (i) a robust model of evolution of gene expression and (ii) an appropriate (and possibly tissue-specific) null model of neutral evolution of gene expression (Harrison et al. 2012).
At the turn of the century, pioneers in the field of population genetics, such as J. B. S. Haldane, Sewall Wright, and Ronald Fisher, set the foundations of evolution onto a robust statistical philosophy.
DNA in living cells, as far as we know, is universal, and combined with Darwin's theory of evolution we have a robust model of how life is, and how it came to be, its origins almost 4bn years ago.
This past November, HNMCP celebrated its 10th anniversary and the clinic's evolution into a robust program of global clinical work in dispute systems design, innovative pedagogy around teamwork, and expanded course offerings in multiparty negotiation, group decision-making, teams, and facilitation.
In plants, the Oryza genus provides such a unique opportunity to investigate various aspects of gene and genome evolution with the availability of a robust phylogenetic framework [31, 97], rich genomic resources [5, 49], and a near-perfect reference genome [41].
Moreover, while ET is an empirical score, CS has a clear evolutionary meaning, since it is the site-specific rate of evolution inferred using a robust Bayesian approach and an explicit evolutionary model.
18 The germinal center is a transient microenvironment where B cells enter a state of accelerated evolution to form a robust humoral immune response against a single pathogen.
Our results suggest that mitochondrial-encoded genes might have played an important role during the evolution of the robust coral clade.
