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For these analyses, Metropolis coupling variant of Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm [ 76] was run with a mixture of protein evolution models with fixed rate matrices [ 75], and assuming equal rates, for 100,000 generations, sampling every 100th generation and discarding initial 25% trees (see manual [ 77]).
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In this section, we describe a simple chemical evolution model with dust which examines what determines the point where the dust mass growth in the ISM becomes dominant.
By integrating this damage evolution model with the synergistic damage mechanics approach for stiffness degradation, the stress-strain response of the studied laminates is predicted.
The suite of models involves an in-process temperature evolution model, a microstructure evolution model with an extension to heterogeneous precipitation, a microstructure based strength and strain hardening model, and a micro-mechanics based damage model.
Here we use the new tool CASQUS, which combines landscape evolution modelling with three-dimensional tectonic models, to investigate how erosion and sediment deposition affect fault behaviour in extensional tectonic regimes.
We validated our modified algorithm by applying it to synthetic fluvial networks produced by a landscape evolution model with no structural control of drainage orientations, and confirmed that only a small fraction of the networks are falsely identified as structurally controlled.
This simplified gene expression follows a typical switch-like dynamics with a sigmoid input-output behavior [29], [30], [31], [32], [33] widely applied in models of signal transduction[34] and neural networks[35] (For a related evolution model with discrete states, see e.g., [24]).
Conservative alignment (118776 bp) was used to estimate the best protein evolution model with ProtTest 3.2.1 [ 77].
The model that we study is a neutral evolution model with explicit stability requirements, the Structurally Constrained Neutral (SCN) model of protein evolution [ 29- 32].
We compared the fit of a neutral evolution model with recombination (M7) with one allowing for positive selection (M8), using a likelihood-ratio test (LRT).
This tree served as a starting tree for a site-specific analysis of positive selection in Codeml v4.8 [ 39], which compared the fit of a neutral evolution model with recombination (M7) with one allowing for positive selection (M8), using a likelihood-ratio test (LRT).
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