Travisano and Lenski [ 22, 23] demonstrated that 2,000 generations of evolution was sufficient for these populations to lose fitness when grown on alternative sugars, and the reductions in maximum growth rate at extreme temperatures suggest a trend towards specialization in thermal niche [ 28].
We found that the occurrence of rescue depended on indirect effects: prey evolution alone is sufficient to rescue the predator from extinction, whereas predator evolution alone cannot prevent extinction (Fig. 3) using the same parameter values as the original study.
Sexual reproduction is such a powerful acquisition of evolution (it is sufficient to say that it was appearance of a new unit of selection, an individual of a higher rank [ 53- 64], that its effects and consequences could be observed in the study of very different aspects of life.
Even if increasing understanding of evolution is a sufficient condition of a change in religious belief, the change might have occurred anyhow.
In contrast to this, in-situ measurements of Trichodesmium thiebautii (former Oscillatoria thiebautii), which is one of the major oceanic N-fixing strains, questioned whether its hydrogen evolution is actually sufficient to explain the concentrations found [16].
The gradual loss of putative way stations by mutational decay would eventually lead to escape from inactivation for X-linked genes unless there is sufficient compensatory evolution.
Notably, however, these authors did not explore situations where only one of the two interacting species can evolve, and their findings do not indicate whether prey or predator evolution alone (rather than coevolution) is sufficient to rescue the predator from extinction.
In the absence of evolution, climate change of this magnitude is sufficient to cause the extinction of the focal plant population.
With this approach, short evolution times are sufficient to introduce inflow contrast and a spatial dependence of inflow times is avoided.
In the cases of AAT7Tb and AAT1Lm, there were significant differences between optimal tree topologies and both hypotheses, suggesting that neither pure orthologous nor pure concerted evolution scenarios were sufficient explanations of sequence relationships.
