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For example, the idea of devolution ("backwards" evolution) is a result of erroneously assuming that evolution is directional or has a specific goal in mind (cf. orthogenesis).
by stating an evolutionary argument for mind-brain interaction implying that if the preservation and development of consciousness in the biological evolution is a result of natural selection, it is plausible that consciousness has not only been influenced by neural processes, but has had a survival value itself; and it could only have had this if it had been efficacious.
However, for fungal reproductive genes the question has remained whether the rapid evolution is a result of stochastic or deterministic processes.
Also, life history traits can rapidly turn over between species while our measurement of fast-Z evolution is a result of long-term evolution.
This morphotype is associated with lacustrine habitats, suggesting that its recurrent evolution is a result of morphological convergence to similar ecological factors; similar patterns have been shown in other freshwater fishes [ 37, 38, 41, 45, 49].
Consequently these genes have been suggested to evolve at a faster rate than genes coding for e.g. metabolic enzymes [ 2- 4], although the question has remained whether the rapid evolution is a result of stochastic or deterministic processes.
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The parallel increase in cell volume and fitness in E. coli's laboratory evolution is a rather unexpected result.
A rigorous and clear signal of selection pressure in molecular evolution is a significantly higher nonsynonymous (d N ; resulting in amino acid replacement) than synonymous (d S ; silent) substitution rate.
The prominence of the peppered moth as an example of "evolution in action" is a result of a combination of the features of the case.
The landscape evolution in Neogene intramontane basins is a result of the interaction of climatic, lithologic, and tectonic factors.
The postcaval vein, present in terrestrial vertebrates, is a late acquisition, both in evolution and in embryogenesis; it is a result of the intercommunication of several venous channels, including the anterior portion of the vitelline veins.
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