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Flannery considers that the reductionist approach to evolution, introduced by Darwin and exemplified by Dawkins, is not sufficient – although he embraces sociobiology and recognises evolution's influence on human nature.
Differential evolution, introduced by Storn and Price (1997), is a population-based optimization algorithm.
The model of path dependent local industrial evolution introduced by Martin (2010) is presented in Fig. 1.
We fit a Markov chain model of microsatellite evolution introduced by Kruglyak et al. to data on all di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeats in the yeast genome.
The neutral model of gene expression evolution introduced by Khaitovich et al. (2004) [22] is also based on essentially the same idea.
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In the situation of quantum stochastic evolutions introduced by Hudson and Parthasarathy [1], we have a strongly continuous adapted process (V ( cdot ) ) satisfying a quantum stochastic differential equation (including Wiener and Poisson noise as special commutative cases) in place of (2), and the solution constitutes a cocycle with respect to the time-shift maps (U_{0}equivTheta) (see below).
Four new sufficient conditions that guarantee the exponential stability of the impulsive evolution operator introduced by us are given.
The characterisation of two prior values (directional bias Л and rate of transformation θ) is the main difference with the other method of Bayesian inference of character evolution as introduced by Pagel et al. [2].
The notion of ϵ-regular mild solution for abstract semilinear evolution equations was introduced by Arrieta and Carvalho in [24] (see also [25]) where a detailed discussion was presented considering the importance of these types of solutions.
The concept of irreversibility of evolution was already introduced by Dollo in 1893 [ 24], and has been extensively disputed in the past [e.g. [ 55, 56]].
The comparison of genome-wide compositional biases as a tool to study bacterial evolution has been introduced by Karlin and co-workers [ 37- 39].
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