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According to our analysis, almost three fourths of the anthropology textbooks provided a definition of evolution in at least one section.
Twenty-three of the 31 textbooks in our sample (74.2%) provided a definition of evolution in at least one section, and Table 3 presents the number of textbooks that provided a definition in a particular section or sections.
In conclusion, we provide evidence that climate change can influence evolution in at least three ways.
Another study that analyzed gene duplicates arising from whole genome duplication (WGD) from three teleost fish genomes reported asymmetric evolution in at least 36%% of the cases [ 5].
Our findings indicate a reduced rate of mtDNA evolution in at least one gene in the Octocorallia, relative to its sister group, that does not appear to extend to the nuclear genome.
The refuge strategy does hinder resistance evolution in at least some systems, such as pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) in the USA (Tabashnik et al. 2005) and cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) in Australia (Downes et al. 2010).
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Here it is tempting to hypothesize that in human fluids, chloride has been selected as the dominant anion in evolution, at least partly due to its minimal ability in binding to proteins and in altering protein dynamics.
The early suspicions, including McClintock's predictions, turn out to be true: TEs do indeed play a significant role in gene evolution, at least in some species, in gene regulation, and in the genomic response to stress.
This is consistent with the fusion between TRX and GRX modules having occurred independently in evolution at least twice.
Since the spliceosomal machinery is widely conserved throughout eukaryotes [ 7, 38], our results favor the hypothesis that some form of AS appeared relatively early in eukaryotic evolution, at least in the unicellular common ancestor of plants, animals and fungi (around 1300 million years ago [ 39, 40], quite early in the evolution of extant eukaryotes [ 41]).
The results show that students' beliefs about NOS do not explain conceptual change in evolution theory, at least with our samples.
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