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The rapid evolution of the skeletal system during modern human evolution has previously been reviewed [3].
The importance of HGT in shaping metabolic evolution has previously been highlighted, for example in a study by Pal et. al [ 9].
Consequently, OAS family genes are quite divergent in sequence and the possibility that gene conversion between paralogs contributes substantially to their evolution has previously been dismissed (Ferguson et al. 2012).
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Elevated rates of evolution have previously been documented in toxin genes [ 2, 4, 41, 42], and this accelerated evolution is most likely due to their direct involvement in fitness [ 2, 4] and may be reflective of a coevolutionary arms race with specific prey taxa [ 6, 7].
The power of FACS in directed evolution applications has previously been demonstrated by techniques such as yeast display [22] and bacterial surface display [23].
Mass transfer controlled by gas evolution at electrodes has previously been widely studied.
What really makes this stand out though is that the positions of some of the other tyrannosaurs have moved quite considerably and suggests a very different pattern of evolution to what has previously been considered.
The evolution of myostatin has previously been studied among mammalian orthologs, where it was found to be broadly conserved, except for periods of rapid sequence evolution in ruminant Artiodactyls [ 18].
While repeated evolution of phenotypic diversity has previously been observed in more complex environments, the repeatability of the evolution of diversity in this system has not been addressed in a systematic way under the same selective conditions.
The significance of gene fusion in eukaryotic evolution has been previously demonstrated [19].
Integration of extrachromosomal elements that accounts for replicon evolution has been previously proposed in Aeropyrum pernix (Robinson and Bell 2007).
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