Three chemostat cultivations were performed for each strain, whereas the osmolarity regime was different for each cultivation to avoid adaptive evolution effects and sample bias due to long term cultivation [ 63].
where τ is the magnitude of the shear traction, f is the friction coefficient, σ is the normal stress, f 0 is the steady-state friction coefficient at a reference slip rate V 0, V is the slip rate, a and b are non-dimensional parameters representing the amounts of the direct and evolution effect, respectively, θ is the state variable, and L is the state-evolution distance.
However, on top of the localized strong effect of BGC on increased GC, multiple subtle substitutions have been shown to have a morphological evolution effect altering the timing and level of expression.
In the numerical examples, the effect of damage evolution, piezoelectric effect and external loads on the nonlinear dynamic response of elasto-plastic laminated plates are discussed detailed.
It is shown that their basic mathematical assumption for the rate of earthquake-induced excess pore pressure generation overlooks sand fabric evolution effects during cyclic loading and eventually leads to underestimation of the drain effectiveness.
The analysis incorporates stochastics of fiber-strength, fiber-damage evolution, effects of fiber pull-out and the matrix crack-damage state, under the global load sharing assumption, to predict deformation and lifetime.
The microstructural evolution effects were associated to the combination of radiation-enhanced diffusion and thermal diffusion.
At the component level, the fault progression-related information of each unit under test (UUT) in a system is obtained by means of failure modes, evolution mechanisms, effects and criticality analysis (FMEMECA), and then the failure-symptom dependency can be generated.
The ablation evolution process, pyrolysis effect, and laser resistance mechanism of the filled sandwich panels with truss cores are evaluated based on the present model.
The origin, evolution and effect on host of B chromosomal genes seem to be similar to autosomal segmental duplications, which reinforces the view that supernumerary chromosomal elements might play an important role in genome evolution.
