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Three major innovations characterize eusocial evolution: division of labor, advanced communication systems, and an expanded task repertoire (7-9, 24).
New molecular and genomic techniques are making it possible to identify the genes underlying social behavior in ants and other social insects [ 4- 11] as well as other fascinating aspects of social life including self-organization, life-history evolution, division of labor, and developmental plasticity [ 12- 15].
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The first group was from early in a college biology program (second semester introductory biology) and the second was from late in the program (an advanced organismal biology class with a prerequisite of an upper-division evolution class).
Studies have revealed the developmental origins in the evolution of division of labor and specialization in foraging worker honeybees, the hallmarks of complex insect societies.
Evolution of division of labor under these circumstances is a side-effect of selection on work ratio.
Evolution of division of labor occurred when task-switching incurred costs to the colony, in terms of time that individuals had to spend inactive when transitioning between tasks.
The evolution of division of labor in an RNA-like system, from a self-replicating molecule to a transcription-like mechanism (i.e., with templates and polymerases), has been shown to evolve because it confers an increased resistance to parasites (Takeuchi et al. 2011).
At the same time, the significant overlap of fire ant and pharaoh ant gene lists and the strong enrichment of nurse-upregulated genes for gene ontology terms associated with metabolism and development suggests that conserved genes involved in core physiological processes also play important roles in nurse function and the evolution of division of labor.
This article first presents a theoretical analysis of antenna selection, followed by a validation through measurements using a long term evolution-frequency division duplexing (LTE-FDD) femtocell prototype.
The first factor may be the social evolution of a division of labour between the sexes and a fixed home base, which has allowed the mother to park her infant with other members of the family as babysitters.
Currently this coverage is dismal to non-existent in introductory biology and in upper division evolution, paleontology, and comparative anatomy textbooks (Padian 2008).
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