Because the evolution of a planet's magnetic field is closely linked to its thermal evolution, constraints on the dynamo in iron (Fe -rich cores will help provide a better understanding oFe -richet's evolution in general.
Recent analyses of the evolution of cancer at the population level show how rapid changes in human environments have augmented cancer risk, how strong selection has frequently led to increased cancer risk as a byproduct, and how anticancer selection has led to tumor-suppression systems, tissue designs that slow somatic evolution, constraints on morphological evolution and even senescence itself.
It is particularly Gould [ 57] that supports a modern use of processes/concepts generally described as saltations (discontinuous evolution, constraints) and channels (internally generated pathways) and includes orthogenesis to understand evolutionary change within the Darwinian framework.
The analyses provided evidence that the interspecies variation in the expression of numerous orthologs in mammals was shaped by evolution constraints in agreement with gradient in life-history change.
Moreover, our primary objective being sparsity of network connections, the formulation essentially tries to minimize the number of connections assigned to 1. Hence, except for the very initial phase of GA evolution, the constraint defined in equation (2) typically does not become active, and never so in the final optimal solution.
In order to permit evolution, integrity constraints are represented within versionable objects, so-called constraint version objects (CVOs).
The reactor model imposes many constraints which are in contradiction with the requirement of a system that is highly adaptable throughout evolution: these constraints make scaffold proteins not easily adaptable and therefore a different scaffold protein has to be redesigned for each application and species.
In evolution functional constraints are expected to limit the amino acid substitution rates, resulting in a higher conservation of structural/functional sites with respect to the rest of the protein.
However, during evolution functional constraints have also selected and conserved residues that create some asymmetries in the protein.
Their occurrence is usually interpreted as a result of evolution under constraints, most likely due to functional interactions with protein components in chromatin.
