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Favorites from his oeuvre include the bird-lizard Sinornithosaurus and the four-winged flying microraptor, which he illustrated once in series that imagined its evolution backward, from fossilization to flight.
By drawing on the insights of chemistry, he extended the Darwinian theory of evolution backward in time to explain how simple organic and inorganic materials might have combined into complex organic compounds and how the latter might have formed the primordial organism.
Biologists have long aspired to paint a genetic portrait of the ancestor by running the tree of evolution backward, going from its leaves -- the living creatures of today -- down to the point where all its branches coalesce in a single trunk.
If we imagine the expansion reversing and follow the evolution backward in time, like rewinding a video, the universe continuously decreases in size and increases in density and temperature.
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Apetown seemed strangely, disturbingly familiar: evolution hurtling backward.
It is a world where evolution moves backward as easily and effortlessly as it moves forward, and where, through an annoying quirk of fate, mammals (not dinosaurs) have become the major species on earth.
The methods are applicable to various, different, Kolmogorov backward evolution problems.
The point of that seemingly backward evolution?
For reasons that probably have something to do with environmental degradation, evolution is suddenly running backward — at an absurdly high speed.
Not only does the study show how evolution can't go backward, Wagner says, but it also provides a detailed mechanism for why.
In the literature there are only a few papers that deal with the approximate controllability of fuzzy differential systems, likewise approximate controllability of backward stochastic evolution equations in Hilbert space as discussed in [9].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com