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The level of evidence was assessed using Australian National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines [ 24] and study quality by an assessment tool developed from publically available checklists [ 21, 25].
Risk of bias and quality of evidence was assessed using the PEDro scale.
Quality of the evidence was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and the GRADE approach.
The strength of the evidence was assessed using Hill's criteria, which permit a review of multiple studies with different designs.
Risk of bias was evaluated using the PEDro scale, and overall quality of evidence was assessed using the Grades of Research, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.
Certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE methodology.
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Clinical and/or economic evidence is assessed using health technology assessment methods in order to inform pricing and coverage/reimbursement decisions.
Risk of bias and quality of evidence were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Table and GRADE, respectively.
The strength of the review-level evidence is assessed using standardised statements, and findings are mapped in their original form to the outcome taxonomy for communication and participation.
The overall quality of evidence surrounding estimates of effect using direct evidence only was assessed using GRADE [ 12].
The quality of evidence found was assessed using the Quality Matrix (QM) instruments [ 27] for five types of evidence (clinical, patient reported outcomes, epidemiological, economic and budget impact analysis) and for two criteria of quality ("completeness and consistency of reporting" and "relevance and validity of evidence").
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com