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A study by the Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR) revealed no evidence of "litigation bias" among subjects being followed for health effects from trichloroethylene in their drinking water with no statistically significant difference in the validity of the survey responses from litigant versus non-litigant populations [ 76].
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Some intensivists might be reluctant to avoid CXRs in these situations because it might be a piece of evidence in case of litigation.
Unlike other studies, we did not find evidence about fear of litigation, or that vaccine adverse events are not reported because of inherent trust that licensed vaccines are all safe [ 24].
The government introduced the bill after the public airing of evidence during litigation brought on behalf of Binyam Mohamed and other former Guantánamo Bay detainees.
HMRC has been successful in the vast majority where judgements have been reached but the NAO said there was no evidence that this level of litigation was proving an effective deterrent.
Private labs don't have such protections, so they're more likely not only to be careful, but to preserve evidence in the case of litigation.
I describe how a scientific practice that developed under the influence of medical and nuclear physics interacted with observations made by exposed community members to affect research questions, the interpretation of evidence, inferences about biological mechanisms in disease causation, and the use of evidence in litigation.
Hindley and Thomson [ 30] explored midwives views around the use of routine electronic fetal monitoring for women whose pregnancies were low risk, an intervention unsupported by evidence [ 24] but viewed by the midwives in their study as a valuable form of evidence if litigation was instigated.
Prosecutors typically file civil suits as soon as they think they have a case in order to obtain additional evidence during the discovery phase of litigation, Uhlmann said.
An official certification that evidence is truly a state secret will be more focused if the head of a department must certify that specific evidence sought in the course of litigation is truly a secret and cannot be revealed without danger to overriding, essential government interests.
That is hard to swallow, given the scale of the crisis and the evidence of wrongdoing from private litigation, academic research and other sources.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com