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In the absence of evidence, explanation or understanding, a vacuum has been created.
Finally, the five National Standards for science inquiry guide our curriculum: questioning, observation, evidence, explanation, reflection, and communication.
A historical "school" might be defined as a group of interrelated historians who share a significant number of specific assumptions about evidence, explanation, and narrative.
In this view, real science as scientists do it includes an array of social interactions and "dialectical processes that shape the role theory, evidence, explanation, and models have in the development of scientific knowledge" (Duschl et al. 2011).
When writing an essay you will already know about the PEE (point, evidence, explanation) structure, what you may not know is that in this instance you have to use synoptic links across your time period and show the similarities that appear.
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If we accept that theories in science are explanatory models of the data/observations and that they are based on evidence, it is worrying that only 25% of science graduates describe theories as a form of evidenced explanation.
Realist and meta-narrative approaches are interpretive processes (that is, they are based on building plausible evidenced explanations of observed outcomes, presented predominantly in narrative form), hence they do not easily lend themselves to a formal procedure for quality checking.
We have exhausted all opportunities of obtaining adequate evidence or explanation to account for this discrepancy".
Classroom inquiry requires that learners engage in scientifically motivated questions, generate and test alternative explanations based on evidence, connect explanations with scientific knowledge, and communicate and justify their explanations (National Research Council [NRC], 2000).
Her clear presentation of the statistical evidence, and explanation of what is needed to prove a social trend, here and in other chapters, could be a model for science teachers.
Scientists such as Prof Austin Smith, head of the Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research at Cambridge University, were immensely frustrated that they were not allowed to offer evidence and explanation to the senior judges involved in the final stages of the case.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com