"This situation has prevailed even in circumstances where the model is infinitely more difficult to apply successfully: where crowds are large and provocative or violent, or where large-scale frustration and discontent are vented on the police themselves or on street furniture and iconic structures and locations.
Note, however, that the 2D formula, using ρ, includes all regions of low density, even the ones where the model is surprisingly good, similar to a two-tailed test in one dimension.
In the sample presented, the Gamma with square-root link model gives a very good fit in the overall sample; even for the small samples where the model converges, this is a reasonable choice based on the statistics we assessed.
Few models were reliable when applied to independent data; therefore, our results indicate that models cannot be assumed to be applicable in different years or applied outside the area where the model was developed, even with similar spatial and temporal contexts.
The biological community faces the opposite problem, where the model has to mimic the system's behavior, and where most components cannot even be measured directly.
Even where models find simulated school closures to be effective at reducing disease, their associated societal costs generally exceed savings to the health care system resulting from case prevention [ 13].
Thus far, even where workforce planning models account for changes in physician workforce demographics (such as feminization), they commonly apply a simplistic calculus, using simple service or headcounts, or assuming the work of a female physician as a fixed proportion of a male physician (typically using full-time equivalent measures) [ 14, 15].
And even where locations are available, the model is computationally demanding to implement, making it unsuitable for the kind of inverse parameterization used here.
