For example, regulatory elements have been found to tolerate sequence rearrangements [ 16] or even be under positive selection while maintaining the downstream regulatory machinery unchanged [ 17, 18].
For example, even under strong positive selection, high structural and functional constraints can cause this index to be low, and in this sense, it gauges the level of adaptive constraint.
In addition, we note that mutations which are beneficial to viral CTL escape may still fix slowly (reducing their sites' dN/dS values) even if they are under positive selection due to the types of epistatic constraint described in this paper.
Even though the system behaves under positive feedback, the kinetics of the etching process can readily be extracted from the hole characterization and its conversion into Faradaic yield.
Podocarpaceae and Podocarpus I and II were also identified to be under positive selection, even after correcting for multiple tests by the Bonferroni correction [ 29] (Table 3).
In fact, given that the expected divergence at the constrained sites can be higher than that at the neutral sites, such sites might even be inferred to evolve under positive selection.
Yet other cyclists were testing positive even under the halfhearted efforts of the world cycling body.
It is remarkable that, for small recessive deleterious effects (s = 0.1 and h = 0), this correlation becomes significantly positive even under free recombination.
Even though a number of genes under positive selection have been identified in our study, the simple Ka/Ks calculations are quite conservative and may fail to detect positive selection even when it exists [ 40].
In contrast, the Bayes Empirical Bayes identification of sites under positive selection is even more robust to recombination than is the LRT (Anisimova et al. 2003; Wilson and McVean 2006).
