Here, the switch genes maintain their values even if the upstream signal vanishes.
For instance, even if an upstream gene undergoes disruptive mutation, its downstream targets might still be activated by alternative routes that do not involve the disrupted element.
Growth remained slow even if the upstream out-of-frame ATG was eliminated by mutation (data not shown), despite the report that this modification enhanced native tCUP activity 5 to 11 fold [ 23].
However, the inverse is not guaranteed: For any finite set of stimuli, small inhibitions may occur which do not change the sequence of order of stimulation, even if the inhibition acts upstream of the merger node.
Whereas, the FLUC RNA fragment has cap-dependent translation, and must initiate at or near the inducible start site to be translated efficiently, the combination of the ribozyme and the IRES allow translation of the hRLUC fragment even if transcription starts far upstream of the inducible start site.
With this approach the regulatory region explored coincided with the smallest cut off we could choose (-2000/0) even if it included additional upstream bps compared with the over-represented oligo (see above) and MEME analyses (see below).
Here, floodwaters can displace individuals and wash them downstream, potentially leading to drastic reductions in local population sizes, genetic bottlenecks, and even local population extinction [ 69, 71], if upstream populations are only subjected to downward drift without counteracting upward colonization movements (i.e., Müller's "drift paradox" [ 72]).
Specifically, 12.5% of the genes flanking AcH3+ARORs were DHT-stimulated (note that the expected maximum is less than 100%, as we don't necessarily expect an intergenic AROR, even if functional, to target transcripts both upstream and downstream from the AROR).
Even if smoking or maternal age is upstream from LUMA with respect to the causal pathway, both are likely to have multiple mechanisms of action, including methylation and other non-epigenetic mechanisms.
Even if barriers were completely effective at preventing upstream migration, the hatchery-produced fish might spawn elsewhere in the basin (Quinn 1993; Dittman et al. 2010).
