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25 As the focus of this case-control genetic epidemiological study was subjects with high BMI (Group 1, ≧30 kg/m) and low BMI (Group 2, <20 kg/m) in this subgroup of subjects with high and low BMI we performed a detailed dietary evaluation using a validated food frequency questionnaire and a single 24-hour recall.
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QoL was assessed using a validated scale.
Gastrointestinal symptoms were quantified using a previously validated symptom questionnaire.
The present study was based on a national patient evaluation project with voluntary participation using an internationally validated questionnaire to measure the patient-experienced quality of general practice care.
All evaluations used validated HRQoL instruments to describe the health states.
All evaluations used validated generic health related-quality of life (HRQoL) instruments to describe health states.
Besides these methods, the long bone length is often considered the best indicator of stature, and knee height has been validated for stature evaluation using the Chumlea method [29] in large cohorts of mobility-impaired and bed-ridden elderly patients, close to a standard ICU population [40].
Finally, the study did not use a previously validated questionnaire to measure leader behavior; instead, we used data collected as part of a leader evaluation.
For QoL evaluation, we used the validated Brazilian version of SF-36.
27 This evaluation was performed using a Markov state transition model and internally validated by comparing observed with predicted number of events.
The model was then internally validated using a bootstrapping technique.
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