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This stresses the importance of determining the ability of a tumor to spread and invade surrounding tissue by distinguishing between a pre-invasive in situ component and intraductal spreading by evaluating vessel invasion in conjunction with the intraductal component.
To encourage further research in this area, we have made the VEVIO dataset and the MATLAB code that we have developed for this project publically available at http://www.duke.edu/~sf59/Estrada_BOE_2012.htm Traditionally, accuracy has been one of the key metrics for evaluating vessel segmentation results.
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We were actively looking for approaches to evaluate vessel wall enhancement because Gadofosveset Trisodium was retired [ 24]: the evaluation of vessel wall enhancement was given to radiologist interpretation.
To evaluate vessel functionality, anesthetized mice were tail vein-injected with 100 µl of 1 mg/ml fluorescein-labeled Lycopersicon esculentum lectin (Vector Laboratories).
While we did not evaluate vessel normalization or tumor oxygenation in this study, our current results do not suggest that this mechanism occurred in this particular tumor model.
MRI examinations, including examination of the aortic arch and supra-aortic arteries with specific investigations of the vessel walls and black-blood images were obtained before and after injection of a paramagnetic contrast agent to evaluate vessel wall enhancement.
The two scores can be combined, as was recently done by Trzeciak and coworkers [ 5] who used MFI to evaluate the type of flow and the six lines (three horizontal, three vertical) technique to evaluate vessel density.
Several anatomic parameters, including feeding artery internal diameter, resistance index, arterial blood flow before and after reactive hyperaemia test and internal diameter of the vein before and after proximal vein compression have been proposed to evaluate vessel suitability [ 26].
Morphologic sequences (PD Black Blood TSE: field of view (FOV) 260 × 152; acquisition (Acq) matrix = 260 × 264; reconstruction (Recon) matrix = 528; echo time/repetition time (TE/TR) = 20/2 beats; ECG triggered; in expiratory breath-hold of approximately 10 sec) were performed to evaluate vessel wall thickening.
Although MRI lymphangiography does measure areas of draining and pooling instead of directly evaluating lymphatic vessel function, the delayed enhancement observed at later time points from the Gd-probe may also reflect uptake of Gd-probe in the lymphatics.
It is of note that VEGF-C is involved in tumor lymphangiogenesis rather than in tumor angiogenesis [21] [22] and the CAM assay allows to evaluate blood vessel but not lymphatic vessel formation.
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