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A further aim is to evaluate the direction of the results of these studies and whether these are affected by industry sponsorship.
This meta-epidemiological study was undertaken to assess the proportion of clinical trials in orthodontics evaluating commercially marketed products and to evaluate the direction of the results of these studies.
We calculated the average ΔTC of each brambling clutch in order to evaluate the direction of selection on hue.
In order to evaluate the direction of selection on brambling egg phenotypes we calculated the average color contrast for each clutch based on pairings with real cuckoo eggs.
The first explanation is consistent with work in social epidemiology on the role of social networks in mediating infection risk [24], [25] Because of the nature of the sample, we are unable to evaluate the direction of causality that leads to this result.
Further, given the cross-sectional design we were unable to evaluate the direction of association between psychosomatic symptoms and HRQoL.
Prospective epidemiologic studies are also needed to evaluate the direction of the relationship between arsenic metabolism and body mass index.
Accordingly, DT imaging can be used to evaluate the direction of articular cartilage collagen fibers and structural anisotropy.
However, considering process aspects at this stage will already be helpful to evaluate the direction of metabolic engineering and to evaluate the potential of fermentative isobutene production.
Second, in order to evaluate the direction of forelimb preference, a binomial z score was calculated in each type of behaviour for each individual based on the total number of left and right forelimb responses.
However, it is difficult to evaluate the direction of the resulting bias, if it exists, because cases could be expected to have over- or under-reported the exposure depending on whether recognition of past exposure or guilt about that exposure took precedence.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com