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Altogether, these results suggest that viral strategies to evade selection pressure from the immune system and antiviral therapies do not result from a single mechanism and they are likely based on a range of different alternatives, in which several different changes, or their combination, along the HCV genome confer viruses the ability to overcome strong selective pressures.
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If, however, it turns out that digenic and oligogenic conditions are more common than originally anticipated, then many disease contributory variants will have evaded purifying selection, and hence those variants that in combination (but not individually) have significant pathogenic potential will not be as infrequent as might be expected under the CDRV hypothesis.
This variation is attributed to selection to evade immune responses; in Vibrio cholera changes involving LPS loci within different strains have been implicated in major epidemics [ 4].
For example, mutations in intrahost viral populations are likely to be under strong selection to evade the immune response and drug therapy, and microbes are often subjected to strong selective pressures in experimental studies of adaptation.
It seems unlikely that a sexually reproducing parasitic plant would gain enough advantage from increased mutation rate, in terms of evading host defence, for selection on mutator alleles to outweigh the costs of producing more deleterious mutations.
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The purpose of the random selection is to evade gender and person dependencies.
Also, virulence genes often display high levels of variability, as result of the selection pressure to evade the immune system of the host [40].
It has been postulated that similar variability in the C. jejuni LPS cassette is an adaptive response to selection pressure to evade host acquired immune responses [ 35].
Under some conditions, the ongoing selection of prey to evade attack and on predators to capture their food can result in an ongoing escalation of defense and counterdefense that has been likened to an arms race between nations.
The genes encoding antigens in human pathogens tend to be under diversifying selection in order to evade host immunity and it has been suggested that this is not the case with M. tuberculosis[ 55].
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