The evacuation behaviors involved in mine fires commonly can usually be divided into four stages: fire receipt, preparation, evacuation action and reaching the safe sites.
We examined the correlations between location, demographic characteristics, risk perception, and three types of protective actions: immediate evacuation, delayed evacuation, and shelter in place.
"People's lives have been very significantly disrupted by the evacuations and other actions that have had to be taken.
By a robust containment and severe accident mitigation measures, the need for offsite emergency response actions (population evacuation or relocation) is restricted to the immediate plant vicinity.
One of the fundamental difficulties is that operational forecasts require high expected earthquake rates to make substantial decisions (e.g., evacuation or other emergency actions), but the probabilities derived from statistical seismicity models are still quite small (Jordan and Jones 2010).
In low risk situations those practices may demand less sophisticated evaluations and techniques: when the costs associated with mitigation actions, e.g., evacuation of the population at risk, are low, sophisticated analyses are not required since actions can be carried out at low cost following little warning.
Examples include agreeing on warning signals for potential hazards and associated protective actions, planning evacuation routes and meeting points, identifying vehicles and shelters, and preparing emergency kits and resources to cope with the disruption of daily life (Wisner et al. 2012).
This research provides evidence, however, that everyone is vulnerable in Wellington, everyone needs greater engagement in evacuation planning and preparedness actions, and it is critical for everyone to think of being prepared, ready, and resilient as more than surviving.
The PEVOLCA is a regional Emergency Plan and it does not address the planning of evacuations and other detailed actions that must be implemented by the local authorities.
The NRC emergency planning and preparation process appears not to take into account the sheer size of the potentially impacted population in its existing emergency evacuation, sheltering, and other action plans (U.S. NRC 2011a).
