While four other etiologic viruses cause HCPS in North and Central America and at least two cause HPCS in South America, SNV accounts for most of the >300 known North American cases.
The etiologic agent, Hendra virus, was subsequently isolated from asymptomatic flying foxes (fruit bats of the family Pteropodidae) (12 ).
The etiologic agent, CCHF virus (CCHFV; family Bunyaviridae, genus Nairovirus), is maintained in enzootic cycles involving agricultural and wild animals and the vector, Hyalomma ticks.
However, it was not until 1963 that the etiologic agent, Machupo virus, was isolated from the spleen of a patient who died from this disease (1 ).
The etiologic agent, Nipah virus (NiV; family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus), is believed to have entered pig populations in Perak state, central Malaysia, from a fruit-bat reservoir (2 ) before spreading by transport of pigs among farms.
The subsequent discovery of a new disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) (1 ), its etiologic agent, Sin Nombre virus (SNV) (2 ), and its rodent reservoir, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) (3 ), were among the most prominent findings in a flood of new revelations about hantaviruses in the Americas.
In addition, the study did not establish the etiologic role of viruses, just their presence by polymerase chain reaction, which may have represented colonization and not infection.
With the rapid advances in NGS technologies over the past several years and their widespread applications in clinical settings, there is an increasing interest in applying NGS to investigate the etiologic associations of viruses with diseases, especially human cancer.
The etiologic agent is VEE virus (VEEV), a positive-sense RNA virus in the family Togaviridae and genus Alphavirus.
The etiologic agent, Borna disease virus (BDV), has been identified as an enveloped nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus with unique properties of replication.
