For example, legumes have been shown to confer protection against prostate cancer in a recent multi-ethnic case-control study [ 20].
This has been also reported in multi-ethnic case-control studies, including Asian [ 2, 24- 32], Arabian [ 33], European [ 17] and American populations [ 34].
In this study, we used a combination of direct sequencing of PCR products and PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays and genotyped the SNPs in well-defined ethnic French case and control populations.
patient level: age, sex, ethnic group, case severity (primary care equivalent of the Charlson Index), 24 obesity, and social deprivation 25 (Townsend); practice level: list size, diabetes prevalence, and UK country; and staff activity: percentage of consultations with a nurse and mean number of consultations with a healthcare professional annually.
Each model included the following variables: patient level: age, sex, ethnic group, case severity (primary care equivalent of the Charlson Index), 24 obesity, and social deprivation 25 (Townsend); practice level: list size, diabetes prevalence, and UK country; and staff activity: percentage of consultations with a nurse and mean number of consultations with a healthcare professional annually.
No significant difference by ethnicity was observed among cases and controls (Caucasians: cases 51.7% and controls 57.9%; p = 0.35; Afro-Caribbean: cases 40.4 and controls 33.2%; p = 0.25; and other ethnic groups: cases 7.9% and controls 8.9%; p = 0.93).
For instance, the response rates and proportions of ethnic groups by case status were not optimal [ 18, 20].
Therefore, in this case, ethnic concentration works positively and promotes self-employment among immigrants.
And she said CEOP thought it was "important that we do not focus solely on one ethnic minority in case the groomer is part of a multi-racial group".
We then assessed the value of each of these additional sources by comparing them with the ethnic group of cases whose ethnicity was known from HES.
Risks of bias were assessed with the following items: 1) Selection bias (cases and controls selections; selections based on disease subtypes), 2) Information bias (genotyping quality control procedures, genotyping under blind conditions and phenotype misclassification rate), 3) Confounding factors (ethnic origin between cases and controls, age and gender distribution between cases and controls).
