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Furthermore it is not clear how stakeholders can make decisions relating to the benefits, the party to benefit and the nature and extent of responsibilities for making these benefits available that would be ethically defensible after consulting all the research ethics guidelines identified.
Such procedural solutions are worthwhile in a broad range of situations in which the goals of 'stakeholders' are ethically defensible and structural inequalities of power and resources not extreme, but that defensibility cannot be presumed; no procedural algorithm will humanize Sophie's choice.
Is it ethically defensible to determine the genetic fate of people not yet born?
That is one reason why Wagner argued that H.L.A. testing is ethically defensible.
Some veterinarians and animal-welfare experts are beginning to question whether it is ethically defensible to continue the practices.
Whether the foregoing diagnosis is correct or useful, I have no idea, but it is ethically defensible.
Similar(17)
And, as we shall see below (see section 3.2), some philosophers argue that the ethically most defensible policy is to give everybody a social minimum, rather than conditioning the social minimum on work or some other kind of behavior.
Opt-in consent may be seen as more defensible ethically and legally than opt-out consent as it relies on a participant actively confirming that they have consented (often by ticking or initialling a box and signing a form) rather than solely omitting to withdraw consent.
In particular, questions remain regarding the most ethically, morally, and economically defensible approach to valuation of future human health and well-being; whether and how to use discount rates; and what tools are best for comparing disparate types of costs, benefits, and constraints.
Only then can we be certain we are behaving ethically, supported by evidence, and with the knowledge that the toolkit is both effective and a defensible investment of time and resources.
But even if Blair's spying strategy is legally defensible, it doesn't mean it's the type of police tactic that rings true ethically.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com