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As carboxylate groups of BDD have less solvating power for Li+ ions than the ether groups of DG, the conductivity of the BDD/DG gel is dependent on the conductivity of the interstitial liquid phase only.
The difference between Ca2+ and K+ possibly reflects a stronger multi-valence interaction of Ca2+ with the amino and hydroxyl groups of CS as well as the ether groups of PEO to form a stable CS/Ca2+/PEO complex and a less significant interaction of K+, as suggested by DSC, WAXD and FTIR results.
They indicate that above 600 °C, CO peak intensity increases, which proves the decomposition of quinone, carbonyl, pyrone, and ether groups of activated carbon [34].
Nonionic surfactants do not form ionic bonds, but the ether groups of the nonionic surfactants can form hydrogen bonding with water so that nonionic surfactants show surface properties (Myers 2006).
Folding of the PEGs leads to the formation of PEG coils including Gd DTPA molecules, which are compactly bound to the ether groups of the PEG chains, and the water molecules were loosely bound to the PEG chains [28].
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Model poly tetramethylene oxide) and poly(propylene glycol) system were evaluated to determine the effect of ether groups on polymerization kinetics in air.
Accordingly, the interaction between PEG and magnetite nanoparticles is due to dipole cation binding between the ether group of the polymer and the positive charge of magnetite.
A proposed mechanism of dipole cationic binding of ether group of PEG to Fe3O4 surface and hydration process of PEG for aqueous dispersibility.
The ether group of PEG is efficiently and directly linked to the positively charged surface of SPIONs, and mediated through a dipole-cation covalent interaction.
The key strategy for this successful PEGylation is the existence of a dipole-cation binding (either covalent or ionic) between the ether group of PEG and the positively charged surface of the Fe3O4 cores.
And the proposed mechanism of dipole cationic binding of ether group of PEG to SPION surface and hydration process of PEG for aqueous dispersibility is illustrated in Figure S5 (see Additional file 1).
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