The ratio of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates (Ka/Ks) allows an estimation of the selective constraint on a given gene.
The basis of the estimation of selective constraint is the comparison of the relative divergence of putatively constrained segments of the genome with that of linked, putatively neutrally evolving sequences.
Another observation that merits discussion is the estimation of selective constraint in the D. melanogaster genome.
The input specification of the control system includes (i) the constraints on the location of its components, which are imposed by the plant, (ii) the communication requirements among the components, and (iii) an estimation of the real-time constraints for the correct behavior of the algorithms implementing the control law.
However, only sampling two sequences offers somewhat limited resolution in the estimation of selective constraint.
Based on this, assuming identical noise variances on all subcarriers and optimizing the weights to minimize the estimation variance under the constraint of an unbiased estimator, it can be shown that the MRC weights corresponding to the different subcarriers must be proportional to | Ĉ k |.
The ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide diversity was calculated, providing an estimation of the level of functional constraint impeding amino acid variation.
The main purpose of this algorithm is to obtain the largest scaling parameter in the local neighborhood of the estimation point under the constraint that the polynomial model remains a likely fit to the underlying data.
Comparison of â F or â B against â D, therefore, shows how much of the bias is due to incorrect estimation of selective constraint.
For the final and, arguably, crucial test of the above conclusions, we employed the data on protein abundance of proteins in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana (kindly provided by Christian von Mering) paired with the fruit fly data to repeat the estimation of the relative contributions of the constraint and translation rate factors to the ER (supplementary table S6, Supplementary Material online).
