Pan and core genome size estimates are problematic because they depend on the estimation of the occurrence of rare genes and genomes, respectively, which are difficult to estimate precisely because they are rare.
Risk assessment, the core of risk science, is a comprehensive evaluation and estimation of the occurrence of risks and losses (Zhang 2013), and constitutes an important research area in the field of management and decision making.
We formulate such a framework by using signal detection and estimation theory to obtain physical bounds on the detection of neural spikes and the estimation of their occurrence times as set by photon counting statistics (shot noise).
Incorrect estimation of rainfall occurrence, so called False Alarm (FA) is one of the major sources of bias error of satellite based precipitation estimation products and may even cause lots of problems during the bias reduction and calibration processes.
Experimental investigations show that the estimation of wrinkling occurrence in steered fibres could be improved by taking into account certain additional parameters, such as lay-down rate, temperature and the dynamic behaviour of the resin.
(2) Seismological developments since 2004 include early detection and estimation of tsunami occurrence, paleoseismological studies on evidence of similar tsunamis in the past, and global studies of recurrence nature of large earthquakes in subduction zones.
The computational solutions allowed the detection of different scale anomalies in the ionosphere and the estimation of their occurrence time, duration, and intensity was based on the continuous wavelet transform.
