While there may be compression of expression ratios in array studies resulting in over-estimation of compensation, and while the measurement of lowly expressed genes are problematic in both array and RNA-Seq experimenthe the common trend is greater expression than expected if the relationship between DNA dose and RNA was 1 1.
A two dimensional setting of these reference points leads to an accurate estimation of and compensation for the sneak paths effects.
In single-carrier cooperative communication systems, few recent research works have considered the important problem of both estimation and compensation of MTOs and MCFOs in the presence of channel impairments [20, 210, 217, 220].
Few recent research works have considered the practical problem of both estimation and compensation of timing and carrier frequency offsets in the presence of channel impairments [143 147].
The important problem of joint estimation and compensation of MTOs and MCFOs has been considered in [170].
In multi-carrier cooperative communication systems, the problem of joint estimation and compensation of MTOs and MCFOs has been considered in very few works, e.g., [228].
The important problem of joint estimation and compensation of MCFOs and MTOs is studied in [319, 321] considering TD-LTE cell search and MU-MIMO downlink communication systems.
The important problem of joint estimation and compensation of timing and carrier frequency offsets has been considered in [313, 316] for training-based and pilot-free communication systems.
Considering MB-OFDM UWB systems, the problem of joint estimation and compensation of timing and carrier frequency offsets is studied in [357, 358], where the authors in [358] considered hardware implementation, too.
The variable J method is sensitive to the estimation of the CO2 compensation point to photorespiration and leaf respiration (Gilbert et al. 2012).
This model enables estimation of the CO2 compensation point, the maximum rate of carboxylation by Rubisco (VC max), the PAR-saturated rate of electron transport (Jmax) and the rate of triose phosphate utilization (VTPU), which indicates the availability of inorganic phosphorus for the Calvin cycle (Sharkey 1985).
