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We chose an estimation interval of 20 years, because the bias in Ne estimates due to overlapping generations decreases with the number of generations in the estimation interval (Waples and Yokota 2007).
Inference can be carried out in three different ways: point estimation, interval estimation and hypothesis testing.
Firstly, replace indicator function in histogram by smooth kernel function, and then set estimation interval center as sample observation value.
Methods of point estimation, interval estimation, determination of sample size, and inverse sampling schemes for such sampling designs have also been discussed.
Analysis of typical LEO satellites indicates that this method can accurately determine the current operational status of the satellite and provide an approximate estimation interval of the satellite retiring time, which is of practical value.
Implied is the fact that algebraic estimation of parameters as well as system states can then truly be performed in arbitrary time and with uniform accuracy over the entire estimation interval.
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Interestingly, in spite of residual errors on the estimates (arising from the use of finite estimation intervals), the reset mechanism employed in the hybrid external model ensures asymptotic regulation, instead of practical regulation.
We have also made a test solution where the estimation intervals were decreased to 15 min for the clocks and ZWD and 60 min for gradients.
Comparing with stationary approaches which generate only one expected total cost curve and therefore only one design flood estimation, the proposed new approach generate design flood estimation intervals and the 'Risk-Cost' approach selects a design flood value from the intervals based on the trade-offs between extreme flood risk and expected total cost.
Confidence intervals correspond to the bootstrap method and show narrow estimations (intervals obtained by the delta method were slightly narrower).
Simulation results of point estimation and interval estimation are verified by Monte Carlo simulation.
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