General transfer functions can also be used to estimate the breadth of a population's realized niche (Rehfeldt et al. 1999).
For each accession number in the dog RefSeq database to which at least one fox read mapped, we estimated the breadth of coverage of dog transcripts by fox reads.
To describe environmental specialization, we used the outlying mean index analysis57 to estimate the niche breadth, calculated as s.d. of environmental space used by each species in the initial period along the main axes of the outlying mean index, including three environmental variables (slope, elevation and upstream downstream position).
To estimate the expression breadth, we calculated the Shannon entropy as S = − sum(Pi × ln(Pi)).
We also estimated the temporal breadth of expression in leaves and flowers as the number of developmental time points in which the gene was expressed at a level larger than 75.
To estimate the expression breadth, we calculated the Shannon entropy as S = −sum (P i x ln(P i)), where P i is the proportion of expression in tissue i, and P i = E i/T; E i is the expression of the gene in tissue i and T (total expression) is the sum of all expression values for tissues (1, …, i).
Using blast algorithm, we indirectly evaluated the transcriptome coverage breadth by estimating the number of unique genes.
Because information about the actual size and composition of the transcriptome is often unknown, we utilized a simulation-based tool, ESTcalc [ 57], to estimate the expected depth and breadth of transcriptome coverage for this data set.
The latest estimates dramatize the breadth of the nation's growing diversity, even as nearly one third of the people whom the census classifies as members of minorities live in California and Texas.
Testimony in committee hearings showed cases of dead people casting ballots for Obama, but estimates on the breadth of voter fraud differ dramatically.
