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It uses mechanistic empirical numerical models to analyze input data on traffic, climate, materials and structures, also estimating damage accumulation over roadway service life.
The second Nature study, led by Peter Brown at the University of Western Ontario, calculated the energy of the Chelyabinsk airbust at 400 to 600 kilotonnes of TNT, but found that scientists' models for estimating damage from airbursts were off the mark.
Since there is low dispersion in the design and construction methods in desired area, it is assumed that the median and the standard deviation values can be suitable criteria for building selection for estimating damage.
The methodology relies on: (1) spatial post-processed socioeconomic data from the 2011 Romanian census through multicriteria analysis; and (2) analytical methods (the Improved Displacement Coefficient Method and custom-defined vulnerability functions) for estimating damage patterns, incorporated in a GIS environment.
However, this is a poor model for estimating damage from direct contact with airborne pollutants.
The other sub-sample was used to quantify the incidence of disease and enemy attack by visually estimating damage (i.e. the number of lesions per root) caused by pathogens, parasites and herbivores.
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He estimated damage at $30 million.
One neighbor estimated damage at $2,000.
The Government estimated damage at $32.5 million.
State officials estimated damage was more than $20 million.
Mayor Igor Nemec estimated damage would run into billions of dollars in Prague alone.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com