The International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9; International Classification of Diseases 1979) code-specific COI estimates we used in this analysis consist of estimated hospital charges and the estimated opportunity cost of time spent in the hospital (based on the average length of a hospital stay for the illness).
To deduce these estimates we used only the strong ellipticity assumptions for the thermoelastic coefficients.
For direct cost estimates, we used average wholesale prices, and the American Medicare and Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedules.
In order to include the effect of initial values in the estimates, we used randomly generated starting values as follows.
Thus, in order to obtain consistent and efficient estimates, we used the Heckman (1979) two-step procedure.
In numeric estimates, we used τ=150 fs and Φ=1 J/cm2 giving P_{0}= frac{Phi}{tau,c}simeq 0.2~text{GPa}.
For assessing the accuracy of the prevalence estimates, we used a clinical research database that tracks information on patients admitted to the general medicine service at the University of Chicago (Meltzer et al., 2002).
Carbon emissions rates may also be underestimated due to the conservative deforestation rates, the fact that the above-ground biomass estimates we used [14] are low compared with other estimates [17], and because we omit other carbon pools such as below-ground biomass, soil, dead and decaying matter, and harvested wood products.
Frankly, these numbers are probably underestimated because of conservative estimates we used.
In order to obtain weighted summary estimates we used random effects models (Stata 10.0).
In all ancestry estimates, we used the phylogenetic relationship between haplotype data thoroughly characterized for both mtDNA and NRY.
