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We demonstrate how these estimates of variation can be used to design practical sampling protocols to test other hypotheses.
Using pessimistic estimates of variation, heritability, and selection intensity, Nilsson and Pelger came to the conclusion that it would take 364,000 generations for a fish eye to evolve.
The system can deliver extremely high resolution (<2 mm) estimates of variation in these properties across a small radial sample of wood.
Unless there is a substantial deviation from the sharp spikes observed seasonally, which were not witnessed as seen in Figure 1, the δ-method provides stabile estimates of variation in the characteristics of a seasonal pattern.
Estimates of variation indices for each sample are reported in Table 2. Allelic richness ranged from 2.71 to 4.85 (mean±SD: 3.84±0.62), expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.43 to 0.65 (mean±SD: 0.56±0.06), and unique allele richness ranged from 0.01 to 0.29 (mean±SD: 0.12±0.09).
The Bayesian dating analysis also permits estimates of variation in evolutionary rates across the tree.
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Approximated estimates of variations in rates of TYA mortality trends showed substantial robustness of the data to the introduction of the ICD-10 coding system.
6 12 Between 19 April and 12 May 2008, a "pilot" study of 2506 children aged 11-17 esthatished that we needed a total of 1000 interviewees a city to provide estimates of variations in sunbed use with acceptable confidence intervals.
Observations of trends in ocean heat content (hereafter Ht) therefore potentially enable the satellite observations to be anchored to obtain absolute values [ Loeb et al., 2012; Allan et al., 2014], as well as providing independent estimates of variations in N.
More explanatory factors may be included in the model like for example infection with RSV [ 11], other cause of acute respiratory illnesses and invasive pneumococcal disease, to get more detailed estimates of variations in excess mortality.
The coefficient of variation was used because it provides an estimate of variation in responses within each population, unbiased by potential absolute differences in light climate or physiological performance, and thus links with our hypothesis that greater genetic diversity confers a greater range of responses to stress.
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