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The intuition behind this assumption is that, if we have enough information on the observable differences between youths with and without a particular personality trait (the treatment), we can then adjust the raw comparison of those pre-treatment differences and obtain unbiased estimates of the relation between personality traits and NEET status.
Therefore, our estimates of the relation between income and ESRD are conservative.
Four studies provided comparable estimates of the relation between presence of PVC surface materials and the risk of asthma, and three studies focused on allergic rhinitis or allergies.
Such sources of measurement error could have led to attenuation bias in our estimates of the relation between use of warfarin with glipizide/glimepiride and risk of hypoglycemia.
This discrepancy is partly based on different estimates of the relation between blood Se and plasma Se, as all these authors agree that plasma Se levels above 0.07 0.075 μg/ml are adequate.
A substantial number of epidemiologic studies have provided estimates of the relation between exposure to benzene at work and the risk of leukemia, but the results have been heterogeneous.
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Effect-measure estimates for the relation between lung cancer and asbestos exposure vary strongly between studies.
However, conclusions must be tempered by the fact that this effect is dependent on, at most, 27 participants with tibia lead levels > 103 μg Pb/g bone mineral who reduce the β estimate of the relation between tibia lead and uric acid in participants with the bb genotype.
These biases are likely to attenuate risk estimates of the relations between BMI and waist circumference and risk of pancreatic cancer; thus the associations may be even stronger in the absence of measurement error.
Another approach towards estimating the extent of mismatches is to directly estimate the efficiency of matching in the economy instead of estimating the relation between the unemployment rate and measures of mismatches.
The percentage ratio was used to estimate the magnitude of the relation between each measure of socioeconomic position and the use of each health service.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com