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The very large ensemble of solar-like stars included in this study enables detailed and robust estimates of the relation between chromospheric activity and the occurrence of superflares.
The intuition behind this assumption is that, if we have enough information on the observable differences between youths with and without a particular personality trait (the treatment), we can then adjust the raw comparison of those pre-treatment differences and obtain unbiased estimates of the relation between personality traits and NEET status.
Therefore, our estimates of the relation between income and ESRD are conservative.
Four studies provided comparable estimates of the relation between presence of PVC surface materials and the risk of asthma, and three studies focused on allergic rhinitis or allergies.
Such sources of measurement error could have led to attenuation bias in our estimates of the relation between use of warfarin with glipizide/glimepiride and risk of hypoglycemia.
This discrepancy is partly based on different estimates of the relation between blood Se and plasma Se, as all these authors agree that plasma Se levels above 0.07 0.075 μg/ml are adequate.
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These biases are likely to attenuate risk estimates of the relations between BMI and waist circumference and risk of pancreatic cancer; thus the associations may be even stronger in the absence of measurement error.
Findings from this meta-analysis summarize the observed effects from multiple studies and provide an estimate of the relation across the entire population.
However, conclusions must be tempered by the fact that this effect is dependent on, at most, 27 participants with tibia lead levels > 103 μg Pb/g bone mineral who reduce the β estimate of the relation between tibia lead and uric acid in participants with the bb genotype.
The best evidence synthesis of studies that fell into the high tertile of the quality score yielded a meta-analysis estimate for the relation of physical activity to renal cancer of 0.78 (95% CI=0.66 0.92; t=0.02).
This requires that the summary statistics reported in individual studies are transformed into estimates of the dose response relation.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com