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For example, the Timeline Follow-Back procedure is one of the widely used methods in clinical and research settings to accrue quantitative retrospective estimates of substance use or risky behaviour covering 7 days to 2 years prior to the interview date [9].
Nonetheless, survey instruments are able to provide information regarding the lower-bound estimates of substance use measures important to public health monitoring.
This method obtains estimates of substance use by using a calendar format and providing retrospective estimates of the participant's substance use over the last 3 months [ 41].
The annual NSDUH survey provides estimates of substance use and mental health indicators from a randomly-selected sample representative of the US civilian non-institutionalized population aged 12 and older.
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However, it is highly unlikely that their estimates of peers' substance use may be affected by such concerns.
However, no study to my knowledge has examined how strongly young people believe that their estimates of peer substance use are correct.
However, the results of our study are not meant to be interpreted as estimates of increased substance use in the general population, but rather serve as an estimate of online users in Switzerland.
LBW have largely been ignored by population-based surveillance systems, confounding efforts to estimate rates of substance use and to monitor trends in this group.
We are following the methodological recommendations made in International guidelines for estimating the costs of substance abuse [ 14].
Estimated lifetime prevalences of substance use disorders (SUD) in adolescence range from 4.6% [ 2] to 12.3% [ 3].
Thus, we may have over-estimated the prevalence of substance misuse because providers were more likely to refer "problem" patients in whom they suspected opioid misuse.
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